The Kilimanjaro slopes have several vegetation zones, ranging from the semiarid scrub on the plateau around the mountain, the fertile southern slopes, dense forests and open moorlands, alpine deserts and moss and lichen groupings.

The upper slopes of the Kilimanjaro form the Mount Kilimanjaro National Park, which supports a variety of wildlife and birdlife (see National Parks section).

The Kilimanjaro region is one of the leading Tanzanian producers of coffee, barley, wheat, sage, sisal, corn (maize), beans bananas, wattle bark (Acacia), cotton, pyrethrum, and potatoes.

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